Maximizing Intermediate Checkpoint Value in LLM Pretraining with Bayesian Optimization

The rapid proliferation of large language models (LLMs), such as GPT-4 and Gemini, underscores the intense demand for resources during their training processes, posing significant challenges due to substantial computational and environmental costs. In this paper, we introduce a novel checkpoint merging strategy aimed at making efficient use of intermediate checkpoints during LLM pretraining. This method utilizes intermediate checkpoints with shared training trajectories, and is rooted in an extensive search space exploration for the best merging weight via Bayesian optimization. Through various experiments, we demonstrate that: (1) Our proposed methodology exhibits the capacity to augment pretraining, presenting an opportunity akin to obtaining substantial benefits at minimal cost; (2) Our proposed methodology, despite requiring a given held-out dataset, still demonstrates robust generalization capabilities across diverse domains, a pivotal aspect in pretraining.

Authors

• Deyuan Liu
• Zecheng Wang
• Bingning Wang
• Weipeng Chen
• Chunshan Li
• Zhiying Tu
• Dianhui Chu
• Dianbo Sui

Keywords

• Large Language Models (LLMs)
• Pretraining
• Checkpoint Merging
• Bayesian Optimization