Extended capabilities for visual cryptography

An extended visual cryptography scheme (EVCS), for an access structure (Γ Qual, Γ Forb ) on a set of n participants, is a technique to encode n images in such a way that when we stack together the transparencies associated to participants in any set X∈Γ Qual we get the secret message with no trace of the original images, but any X∈Γ Forb has no information on the shared image. Moreover, after the original images are encoded they are still meaningful, that is, any user will recognize the image on his transparency. The main contributions of this paper are the following: • A trade-off between the contrast of the reconstructed image and the contrast of the image on each transparency for (k, k)-threshold EVCS (in a (k, k)-threshold EVCS the image is visible if and only if k transparencies are stacked together). This yields a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of (k, k)-threshold EVCS for the values of such contrasts. In case a scheme exists we explicitly construct it. • A general technique to implement EVCS, which uses hypergraph colourings. This technique yields (k, k)-threshold EVCS which are optimal with respect to the pixel expansion. Finally, we discuss some applications of this technique to various interesting classes of access structures by using relevant results from the theory of hypergraph colourings.

Authors

• Giuseppe Ateniese
• Carlo Blundo
• Alfredo De Santis
• Douglas R. Stinson

Keywords

• Visual cryptography
• Secret sharing schemes