Using Counterfactuals in Knowledge-Based Programming

We show how counterfactuals can be added to the framework of knowledgebasedprogramsofFagin, Halpern, Moses, and Vardi [1995, 1997]. We show that counterfactuals allowus to capture in a natural waynotions like minimizingthe numberof messages that are sent, whereas attempts to formalize these notions without counterfactuals lead to some rather counterintuitivebehavior. We also show how knowledge-basedprograms with counterfactuals can capture subgame-perfectequilibria in games of perfect information.

Authors

• Joseph Y. Halpern
• Yoram Moses

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