Multi-level Style Preference Optimization: An Adaptive Detection Framework for Human-Machine Hybrid Text

Large language model (LLM) generated texts now rival human quality, creating four text categories: purely machine-generated, machine-rewritten, machine-polished, and human-written content. Traditional detection methods face significant challenges in human-machine hybrid scenarios where LLMs perform rewriting or polishing, as existing approaches focus on single-level features and fail to capture subtle, multi-layered machine traces. To address this, we propose the Multi-level Style Preference Optimization (MSPO) framework, capturing machine style features at multiple granularities: sequence-level (overall consistency), phrase-level (distinctive n-gram patterns), and lexical-level (word selection distributions). We further incorporate four text complexity indicators (Type-Token Ratio, Average Sentence Length, Average Word Length, and Punctuation Ratio) to dynamically adjust optimization parameters based on human-machine text complexity differences, enhancing adaptability across diverse text types. Additionally, we construct a comprehensive detection dataset spanning three representative domains (scientific writing, news articles, and creative writing) across four text types (human-written, purely machine-generated, machine-rewritten, and machine-polished), generated using state-of-the-art LLMs for robust evaluation. Experimental results demonstrate that MSPO significantly outperforms existing methods across all text types. On the challenging rewritten texts, MSPO achieves up to 82.14% AUROC, representing an improvement of 11.15 percentage points over the strongest baseline ImBD, while maintaining robust cross-domain generalizability across scientific, news, and creative writing domains.

Authors

• Zehao Wang KU Leuven
• Lianwei Wu Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an
• Wenbo An School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, China
• Hang Zhang
• Yaxiong Wang Hefei University of Technology, Hefei

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