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Yue Pan

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JBHI Journal 2026 Journal Article

Evaluating Large Language Models in Crisis Detection: A Real-World Benchmark from Psychological Support Hotlines

  • Guifeng Deng
  • Shuying Rao
  • Tianyu Lin
  • Anlu Dai
  • Pan Wang
  • Junyi Xie
  • Yue Pan
  • Ke Zhao

Psychological support hotlines serve as critical lifelines for crisis intervention but encounter significant challenges due to rising demand and limited resources. Large language models (LLMs) offer potential support in crisis assessments, yet their effectiveness in emotionally sensitive, real-world clinical settings remains underexplored. We introduce PsyCrisisBench, a comprehensive benchmark of 540 annotated transcripts from the Hangzhou Psychological Assistance Hotline, assessing four key tasks: mood status recognition, suicidal ideation detection, suicide plan identification, and risk assessment. 64 LLMs across 15 model families—including closed-source (e. g. , GPT, Claude, Gemini) and open-source (e. g. , Llama, Qwen, DeepSeek)— were evaluated using zero-shot, few-shot, and fine-tuning paradigms. LLMs showed strong results in suicidal ideation detection (F1 = 0. 880), suicide plan identification (F1 = 0. 779), and risk assessment (F1 = 0. 907), with notable gains from few shot prompting and fine-tuning. Compared to trained human operators, LLMs achieved comparable or superior performance on suicide plan identification and risk assessment, while humans retained advantages on mood status recognition and suicidal ideation detection. Mood status recognition remained challenging (max F1 = 0. 709), likely due to missing vocal cues and semantic ambiguity. Notably, a fine-tuned 1. 5B-parameter model (Qwen2. 5-1. 5B) outperformed larger models on mood and suicidal ideation tasks. LLMs demonstrate performance broadly comparable to trained human operators in text-based crisis assessment, with complementary strengths across task types. PsyCrisisBench provides a robust, real-world evaluation framework to guide future model development and ethical deployment in clinical mental health.

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