EAAI Journal 2025 Journal Article
A sample average approximation-based approach for the last mile delivery and pickup problem with load-dependent travel time under uncertainties
- Hongyuan Luo
- Deyun Wang
- Yanhui Li
- Xinyuan Lu
- Mingyun Gao
- Hao Chen
This paper studies an electric cargo bicycle last mile Delivery and Pickup Problem with Load-Dependent Travel Time under Uncertainties (DPLTTU), in which the travel speed depends on the gradient of the road and the load of the electric cargo bicycle. Moreover, the uncertainties in actual transportation and service processes are considered in the DPLTTU. We formulate the studied DPLTTU as a Stochastic Programming with Recourse (SPR) model. To solve this SPR model, the Sample Average Approximation (SAA)-based algorithms are proposed, where a Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithm and an Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search (ALNS) algorithm are proposed to solve the integer programming model converted by SPR model. An effective parallel computing strategy is applied into speeding up the solving processed of SAA-based algorithms. In order to validate the efficiency and effectiveness of the developed SPR model and SAA-based algorithms, a large number of numerical experiments are conducted. The experimental results highlight the performance of the developed model and algorithms, and demonstrate that the proposed model and algorithms can generate a more risk-resistant solution when uncertain elements are taken into account, which will help logistics companies make suitable decisions when addressing the issue of last mile delivery and pickup.