TCS Journal 2026 Journal Article
A parameterized perspective of all-colors
- Václav Blažej
- Satyabrata Jana
- Peter Strulo
In this paper, we study the All-Colors problem: given a graph G each of whose vertices is equipped with a button and assigned a color value from the set { 0, 1, …, m − 1 } and an integer k, can we reach color value 1 ( mod m ) on every vertex of G by pressing the button at most k times. The rule we follow is the following: if a button of a corresponding vertex is pressed one time, then the color values of the vertex and its neighbors are incremented by 1. This problem is known to be NP -hard on bipartite graphs even when m = 2 [Theor. Comput. Sci. , 2007], although linear time solvable on trees [SIAM J. Comput. , 2004]. In this work, we study this problem in the realm of parameterized complexity with respect to several parameters. In particular, we show the following for All-Colors. • W[1] -hard when parameterized by solution size ( k ). • FPT algorithm parameterized by solution size + maximum degree. • FPT algorithm parameterized by tree width, clique-width. • NP -hard on sub-cubic planar graphs.