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Minjin Kim

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3 papers

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NeurIPS Conference 2025 Conference Paper

Web-Shepherd: Advancing PRMs for Reinforcing Web Agents

Hyungjoo Chae
Seonghwan Kim
Junhee Cho
Seungone Kim
Seungjun Moon
Gyeom Hwangbo
Dongha Lim
Minjin Kim

Web navigation is a unique domain that can automate many repetitive real-life tasks and is challenging as it requires long-horizon sequential decision making beyond typical multimodal large language model (MLLM) tasks. Yet, specialized reward models for web navigation that can be utilized during both training and test-time have been absent until now. Despite the importance of speed and cost-effectiveness, prior works have utilized MLLMs as reward models, which poses significant constraints for real-world deployment. To address this, in this work, we propose the first process reward model (PRM) called Web-Shepherd which could assess web navigation trajectories in a step-level. To achieve this, we first construct the WebPRM Collection, a large-scale dataset with 40K step-level preference pairs and annotated checklists spanning diverse domains and difficulty levels. Next, we also introduce the WebRewardBench, the first meta-evaluation benchmark for evaluating PRMs. In our experiments, we observe that our Web-Shepherd achieves about 30 points better accuracy compared to using GPT-4o on WebRewardBench. Furthermore, when testing on WebArena-lite by using GPT-4o-mini as the policy and Web-Shepherd as the verifier, we achieve 10. 9 points better performance, in 10x less cost compared to using GPT-4o-mini as the verifier. Our model, dataset, and code are publicly available at https: //github. com/kyle8581/Web-Shepherd.

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AAAI Conference 2023 System Paper

TUTORING: Instruction-Grounded Conversational Agent for Language Learners

Hyungjoo Chae
Minjin Kim
Chaehyeong Kim
Wonseok Jeong
Hyejoong Kim
Junmyung Lee
Jinyoung Yeo

In this paper, we propose Tutoring bot, a generative chatbot trained on a large scale of tutor-student conversations for English-language learning. To mimic a human tutor's behavior in language education, the tutor bot leverages diverse educational instructions and grounds to each instruction as additional input context for the tutor response generation. As a single instruction generally involves multiple dialogue turns to give the student sufficient speaking practice, the tutor bot is required to monitor and capture when the current instruction should be kept or switched to the next instruction. For that, the tutor bot is learned to not only generate responses but also infer its teaching action and progress on the current conversation simultaneously by a multi-task learning scheme. Our Tutoring bot is deployed under a non-commercial use license at https://tutoringai.com.

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AAAI Conference 2021 Conference Paper

Kernel-convoluted Deep Neural Networks with Data Augmentation

Minjin Kim
Young-geun Kim
Dongha Kim
Yongdai Kim
Myunghee Cho Paik

The Mixup method, which uses linearly interpolated data, has emerged as an effective data augmentation tool to improve generalization performance and the robustness to adversarial examples. The motivation is to curtail undesirable oscillations by its implicit model constraint to behave linearly at in-between observed data points and promote smoothness. In this work, we formally investigate this premise, propose a way to impose smoothness constraints explicitly, and extend it to incorporate implicit model constraints. First, we derive a new function class composed of kernel-convoluted models (KCM) where the smoothness constraint is directly imposed by locally averaging the original functions with a kernel function. Second, we propose to incorporate the Mixup method into KCM to expand the domains of smoothness. In both cases of the KCM and the KCM adapted with the Mixup, we provide risk analysis, respectively, under mild conditions on kernel functions. As a result, we show that the upper bound of the excess risk over a new function class is not slower than that of the excess risk over the original function class. Using CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 datasets, our experiments demonstrate that the KCM with the Mixup outperforms the Mixup method in terms of generalization and robustness to adversarial examples.

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