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Mikkel Wallentin

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10

YNIMG Journal 2020 Journal Article

Language beyond the language system: Dorsal visuospatial pathways support processing of demonstratives and spatial language during naturalistic fast fMRI

  • Roberta Rocca
  • Kenny R. Coventry
  • Kristian Tylén
  • Marlene Staib
  • Torben E. Lund
  • Mikkel Wallentin

Spatial demonstratives are powerful linguistic tools used to establish joint attention. Identifying the meaning of semantically underspecified expressions like “this one” hinges on the integration of linguistic and visual cues, attentional orienting and pragmatic inference. This synergy between language and extralinguistic cognition is pivotal to language comprehension in general, but especially prominent in demonstratives. In this study, we aimed to elucidate which neural architectures enable this intertwining between language and extralinguistic cognition using a naturalistic fMRI paradigm. In our experiment, 28 participants listened to a specially crafted dialogical narrative with a controlled number of spatial demonstratives. A fast multiband-EPI acquisition sequence (TR = 388 m s) combined with finite impulse response (FIR) modelling of the hemodynamic response was used to capture signal changes at word-level resolution. We found that spatial demonstratives bilaterally engage a network of parietal areas, including the supramarginal gyrus, the angular gyrus, and precuneus, implicated in information integration and visuospatial processing. Moreover, demonstratives recruit frontal regions, including the right FEF, implicated in attentional orienting and reference frames shifts. Finally, using multivariate similarity analyses, we provide evidence for a general involvement of the dorsal (“where”) stream in the processing of spatial expressions, as opposed to ventral pathways encoding object semantics. Overall, our results suggest that language processing relies on a distributed architecture, recruiting neural resources for perception, attention, and extra-linguistic aspects of cognition in a dynamic and context-dependent fashion.

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YNICL Journal 2016 Journal Article

Corrigendum to “Neuroanatomical correlates of Klinefelter syndrome studied in relation to the neuropsychological profile” [NeuroImage:Clin 4 (2014) 1–9]

  • Anne Skakkebæk
  • Claus Højbjerg Gravholt
  • Peter Mondrup Rasmussen
  • Anders Bojesen
  • Jens Søndergaard Jensen
  • Jens Fedder
  • Peter Laurberg
  • Jens Michael Hertz

In the paper entitled “Neuroanatomical correlates of Klinefelter syndrome studied in relation to the neuropsychological profile” by Anne Skakkebæk, Claus Højbjerg Gravholt, Peter Mondrup Rasmussen, Anders Bojesen, Jens Søndergaard Jensen, Jens Fedder, Peter Laurberg, Jens Michael Hertz, John Rosendahl Østergaard, Anders Degn Pedersen and Mikkel Wallentin, published in Neuroimage:Clinical, Volume 4, 2014, pp. 1–9 we have become aware, that the reported p-value for the comparison of Klinefelter Syndrome participants and control participants on the Stroop Color Word Test variable “SCWT diff” in Table 2 is incorrect. The correct value for the p-value is 0.27, and there is therefore no significance between KS and controls on the Stroop Color Word Test inhibition difference score. The reported SCWT diff mean scores for the two Groups in table 2 are correct. Based on our error we wrote in section 3.2. that KS patients have poorer response inhibition compared to controls. This is then also not correct as there is no difference in response inhibition between KS and controls. We have re-analyzed all other results and this is the only result that is not correct. The incorrect p-value does not affect any of the other results or analyzes in the article, and does not affect the discussion and conclusion of the article. The authors would like to apologize for any inconvenience this has caused to the reviewers of this article and readers of the journal.

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YNICL Journal 2016 Journal Article

Klinefelter syndrome has increased brain responses to auditory stimuli and motor output, but not to visual stimuli or Stroop adaptation

  • Mikkel Wallentin
  • Anne Skakkebæk
  • Anders Bojesen
  • Jens Fedder
  • Peter Laurberg
  • John R. Østergaard
  • Jens Michael Hertz
  • Anders Degn Pedersen

Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY) (KS) is a genetic syndrome characterized by the presence of an extra X chromosome and low level of testosterone, resulting in a number of neurocognitive abnormalities, yet little is known about brain function. This study investigated the fMRI-BOLD response from KS relative to a group of Controls to basic motor, perceptual, executive and adaptation tasks. Participants (N: KS = 49; Controls = 49) responded to whether the words "GREEN" or "RED" were displayed in green or red (incongruent versus congruent colors). One of the colors was presented three times as often as the other, making it possible to study both congruency and adaptation effects independently. Auditory stimuli saying "GREEN" or "RED" had the same distribution, making it possible to study effects of perceptual modality as well as Frequency effects across modalities. We found that KS had an increased response to motor output in primary motor cortex and an increased response to auditory stimuli in auditory cortices, but no difference in primary visual cortices. KS displayed a diminished response to written visual stimuli in secondary visual regions near the Visual Word Form Area, consistent with the widespread dyslexia in the group. No neural differences were found in inhibitory control (Stroop) or in adaptation to differences in stimulus frequencies. Across groups we found a strong positive correlation between age and BOLD response in the brain's motor network with no difference between groups. No effects of testosterone level or brain volume were found. In sum, the present findings suggest that auditory and motor systems in KS are selectively affected, perhaps as a compensatory strategy, and that this is not a systemic effect as it is not seen in the visual system.

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YNICL Journal 2014 Journal Article

Neuroanatomical correlates of Klinefelter syndrome studied in relation to the neuropsychological profile

  • Anne Skakkebæk
  • Claus Højbjerg Gravholt
  • Peter Mondrup Rasmussen
  • Anders Bojesen
  • Jens Søndergaard Jensen
  • Jens Fedder
  • Peter Laurberg
  • Jens Michael Hertz

Brain imaging in Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY) (KS), a genetic disorder characterized by the presence of an extra X chromosome, may contribute to understanding the relationship between gene expression, brain structure, and subsequent cognitive disabilities and psychiatric disorders. We conducted the largest to date voxel-based morphometry study of 65 KS subjects and 65 controls matched for age and education and correlated these data to neuropsychological test scores. The KS patients had significantly smaller total brain volume (TBV), total gray matter volume (GMV) and total white matter volume (WMV) compared to controls, whereas no volumetric difference in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) was found. There were no differences in TBV, GMV, WMV or CSF between testosterone treated KS (T-KS) and untreated KS (U-KS) patients. Compared to controls, KS patients had significantly decreased GMV bilaterally in insula, putamen, caudate, hippocampus, amygdala, temporal pole and frontal inferior orbita. Additionally, the right parahippocampal region and cerebellar volumes were reduced in KS patients. KS patients had significantly larger volumes in right postcentral gyrus, precuneus and parietal regions. Multivariate classification analysis discriminated KS patients from controls with 96.9% (p < 0.001) accuracy. Regression analyses, however, revealed no significant association between GMV differences and cognitive and psychological factors within the KS patients and controls or the groups combined. These results show that although gene dosage effect of having and extra X-chromosome may lead to large scale alterations of brain morphometry and extended cognitive disabilities no simple correspondence links these measures.

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