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John E. Ingeholm

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YNICL Journal 2018 Journal Article

Neural correlates of taste reactivity in autism spectrum disorder

  • Jason A. Avery
  • John E. Ingeholm
  • Sophie Wohltjen
  • Meghan Collins
  • Cameron D. Riddell
  • Stephen J. Gotts
  • Lauren Kenworthy
  • Gregory L. Wallace

Selective or 'picky' eating habits are common among those with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). These behaviors are often related to aberrant sensory experience in individuals with ASD, including heightened reactivity to food taste and texture. However, very little is known about the neural mechanisms that underlie taste reactivity in ASD. In the present study, food-related neural responses were evaluated in 21 young adult and adolescent males diagnosed with ASD without intellectual disability, and 21 typically-developing (TD) controls. Taste reactivity was assessed using the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile, a clinical self-report measure. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to evaluate hemodynamic responses to sweet (vs. neutral) tastants and food pictures. Subjects also underwent resting-state functional connectivity scans.The ASD and TD individuals did not differ in their hemodynamic response to gustatory stimuli. However, the ASD subjects, but not the controls, exhibited a positive association between self-reported taste reactivity and the response to sweet tastants within the insular cortex and multiple brain regions associated with gustatory perception and reward. There was a strong interaction between diagnostic group and taste reactivity on tastant response in brain regions associated with ASD pathophysiology, including the bilateral anterior superior temporal sulcus (STS). This interaction of diagnosis and taste reactivity was also observed in the resting state functional connectivity between the anterior STS and dorsal mid-insula (i.e., gustatory cortex).These results suggest that self-reported heightened taste reactivity in ASD is associated with heightened brain responses to food-related stimuli and atypical functional connectivity of primary gustatory cortex, which may predispose these individuals to maladaptive and unhealthy patterns of selective eating behavior. Trial registration: (clinicaltrials.gov identifier) NCT01031407. Registered: December 14, 2009.

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YNIMG Journal 1999 Journal Article

Localization of Cardiac-Induced Signal Change in fMRI

  • Mandeep S. Dagli
  • John E. Ingeholm
  • James V. Haxby

Signal detection in the analysis of blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) may be greatly hindered by cardiac pulsatility artifacts. Vessel pulsation, cerebrospinal fluid movement, and tissue deformation are all associated with the cardiac cycle and all can produce fMRI signal variance. Most cognitive fMRI studies do not utilize a method of cardiac-related noise reduction, in part because of the lack of information on the regional significance and magnitude of cardiac-related signal variance in the brain. In this paper we present a topographical description of the regions showing significant contributions of cardiac-related signal variance. The results are highly consistent across subjects and suggest that reduced sensitivity due to cardiac-induced noise in the BOLD signal is systematically greater in specific areas, typically near major blood vessels. Significant effects of cardiac-related variability were found on average in 27. 5 ± 8. 0% of voxels. Strong influences were found along the vertebrobasilar arterial system near the medial areas of the brain, along the middle cerebral artery near the anterior temporal lobes and in the insula, and along the anterior cerebral artery in the anterior interhemispheric fissure in the medial frontal lobes. Significant effects were also observed in the sigmoid transverse and superior sagittal sinus regions. These results identify regions in which fMRI will have reduced sensitivity due to increased signal variation produced by cardiac pulsatility.

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