Jay Giedd

YNIMG Journal 2019 Journal Article

Image processing and analysis methods for the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study

• Donald J. Hagler
• SeanN. Hatton
• M. Daniela Cornejo
• Carolina Makowski
• Damien A. Fair
• Anthony Steven Dick
• Matthew T. Sutherland
• B.J. Casey

The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study is an ongoing, nationwide study of the effects of environmental influences on behavioral and brain development in adolescents. The main objective of the study is to recruit and assess over eleven thousand 9-10-year-olds and follow them over the course of 10 years to characterize normative brain and cognitive development, the many factors that influence brain development, and the effects of those factors on mental health and other outcomes. The study employs state-of-the-art multimodal brain imaging, cognitive and clinical assessments, bioassays, and careful assessment of substance use, environment, psychopathological symptoms, and social functioning. The data is a resource of unprecedented scale and depth for studying typical and atypical development. The aim of this manuscript is to describe the baseline neuroimaging processing and subject-level analysis methods used by ABCD. Processing and analyses include modality-specific corrections for distortions and motion, brain segmentation and cortical surface reconstruction derived from structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI), analysis of brain microstructure using diffusion MRI (dMRI), task-related analysis of functional MRI (fMRI), and functional connectivity analysis of resting-state fMRI. This manuscript serves as a methodological reference for users of publicly shared neuroimaging data from the ABCD Study.

YNIMG Journal 2012 Journal Article

The discovery of population differences in network community structure: New methods and applications to brain functional networks in schizophrenia

• Aaron Alexander-Bloch
• Renaud Lambiotte
• Ben Roberts
• Jay Giedd
• Nitin Gogtay
• Ed Bullmore

The modular organization of the brain network can vary in two fundamental ways. The amount of inter- versus intra-modular connections between network nodes can be altered, or the community structure itself can be perturbed, in terms of which nodes belong to which modules (or communities). Alterations have previously been reported in modularity, which is a function of the proportion of intra-modular edges over all modules in the network. For example, we have reported that modularity is decreased in functional brain networks in schizophrenia: There are proportionally more inter-modular edges and fewer intra-modular edges. However, despite numerous and increasing studies of brain modular organization, it is not known how to test for differences in the community structure, i. e. , the assignment of regional nodes to specific modules. Here, we introduce a method based on the normalized mutual information between pairs of modular networks to show that the community structure of the brain network is significantly altered in schizophrenia, using resting-state fMRI in 19 participants with childhood-onset schizophrenia and 20 healthy participants. We also develop tools to show which specific nodes (or brain regions) have significantly different modular communities between groups, a subset that includes right insular and perisylvian cortical regions. The methods that we propose are broadly applicable to other experimental contexts, both in neuroimaging and other areas of network science.

YNIMG Journal 2006 Journal Article

Mapping anatomical correlations across cerebral cortex (MACACC) using cortical thickness from MRI

• Jason P. Lerch
• Keith Worsley
• W. Philip Shaw
• Deanna K. Greenstein
• Rhoshel K. Lenroot
• Jay Giedd
• Alan C. Evans

We introduce MACACC-Mapping Anatomical Correlations Across Cerebral Cortex-to study correlated changes within and across different cortical networks. The principal topic of investigation is whether the thickness of one area of the cortex changes in a statistically correlated fashion with changes in thickness of other cortical regions. We further extend these methods by introducing techniques to test whether different population groupings exhibit significantly varying MACACC patterns. The methods are described in detail and applied to a normal childhood development population (n = 292), and show that association cortices have the highest correlation strengths. Taking Brodmann Area (BA) 44 as a seed region revealed MACACC patterns strikingly similar to tractography maps obtained from diffusion tensor imaging. Furthermore, the MACACC map of BA 44 changed with age, older subjects featuring tighter correlations with BA 44 in the anterior portions of the superior temporal gyri. Lastly, IQ-dependent MACACC differences were investigated, revealing steeper correlations between BA 44 and multiple frontal and parietal regions for the higher IQ group, most significantly (t = 4. 0) in the anterior cingulate.

YNIMG Journal 2004 Journal Article

Automated morphometric study of brain variation in XXY males

• Dinggang Shen
• Dengfeng Liu
• Hong Liu
• Liv Clasen
• Jay Giedd
• Christos Davatzikos

This paper studies brain morphometry variation associated with XXY males (Klinefelter's syndrome) by using an automated whole-brain volumetric analysis method. The application to 34 XXY males and 62 normal male controls reveals pronounced volume reduction in the brains of XXY males, relative to the brains of normal controls, localized at the insula, temporal gyri, amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate, and occipital gyri. Most of these statistically significant regions are in the gray matter structures, with the exception of one cluster of atrophy involved in white matter structure, i. e. , right parietal lobe white matter. Compared to previous findings documented in the literature, our findings provide a better spatial localization of the affected regions. In addition to the reduction of local volume, overall enlargement of ventricles and overall volume reduction of both white matter and gray matter are also found in XXY males.

YNIMG Journal 2000 Journal Article

Motion artifact in magnetic resonance imaging: Implications for automated analysis of clinical samples

• Jonathan Blumenthal
• Hong Liu
• Elizabeth Molloy
• Alex Zijdenbos
• Jay Giedd
• Judith Rapoport

YNIMG Journal 1995 Journal Article

Activation of Prefrontal Cortex in Children during a Nonspatial Working Memory Task with Functional MRI

• B.J. Casey
• Jonathan D. Cohen
• Peter Jezzard
• Robert Turner
• Douglas C. Noll
• Rolf J. Trainor
• Jay Giedd
• Debra Kaysen

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMR1) was used to examine the pattern of activity of prefrontal cortex in prepubertal children during performance of a nonspatial working memory task. The children observed sequences of letters and responded whenever a letter repeated with exactly one nonidentical letter intervening. In a comparison task, subjects monitored similar sequences of letters for any occurrence of a single, prespecified target letter. Location of activation closely approximated that observed in a recent fMRI study with adults using exactly the same task. Activation of the inferior and middle frontal gyri was reliably observed within individual subjects during performance of the working memory task relative to the comparison task. Activation increased and decreased with a time course that was highly consistent with the task manipulations and correlated with behavioral performance. To our knowledge, this study is one of the first to demonstrate the applicability of fMRI to a normative developmental population. Issues of age dependence of the hemodynamic responses of fMRI are discussed.