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David J. Nutt

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11 papers
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11

YNIMG Journal 2023 Journal Article

LSD-induced changes in the functional connectivity of distinct thalamic nuclei

  • Stefano Delli Pizzi
  • Piero Chiacchiaretta
  • Carlo Sestieri
  • Antonio Ferretti
  • Maria Giulia Tullo
  • Stefania Della Penna
  • Giovanni Martinotti
  • Marco Onofrj

The role of the thalamus in mediating the effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) was recently proposed in a model of communication and corroborated by imaging studies. However, a detailed analysis of LSD effects on nuclei-resolved thalamocortical connectivity is still missing. Here, in a group of healthy volunteers, we evaluated whether LSD intake alters the thalamocortical coupling in a nucleus-specific manner. Structural and resting-state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data were acquired in a placebo-controlled study on subjects exposed to acute LSD administration. Structural MRI was used to parcel the thalamus into its constituent nuclei based on individual anatomy. Nucleus-specific changes of resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) connectivity were mapped using a seed-based approach. LSD intake selectively increased the thalamocortical functional connectivity (FC) of the ventral complex, pulvinar, and non-specific nuclei. Functional coupling was increased between these nuclei and sensory cortices that include the somatosensory and auditory networks. The ventral and pulvinar nuclei also exhibited increased FC with parts of the associative cortex that are dense in serotonin type 2A receptors. These areas are hyperactive and hyper-connected upon LSD intake. At subcortical levels, LSD increased the functional coupling among the thalamus's ventral, pulvinar, and non-specific nuclei, but decreased the striatal-thalamic connectivity. These findings unravel some LSD effects on the modulation of subcortical-cortical circuits and associated behavioral outputs.

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YNICL Journal 2020 Journal Article

Disturbances across whole brain networks during reward anticipation in an abstinent addiction population

  • Liam J. Nestor
  • John Suckling
  • Karen D. Ersche
  • Anna Murphy
  • John McGonigle
  • Csaba Orban
  • Louise M. Paterson
  • Laurence Reed

The prevalent spatial distribution of abnormalities reported in cognitive fMRI studies in addiction suggests there are extensive disruptions across whole brain networks. Studies using resting state have reported disruptions in network connectivity in addiction, but these studies have not revealed characteristics of network functioning during critical psychological processes that are disrupted in addiction populations. Analytic methods that can capture key features of whole brain networks during psychological processes may be more sensitive in revealing additional and widespread neural disturbances in addiction, that are the provisions for relapse risk, and targets for medication development. The current study compared a substance addiction (ADD; n = 83) group in extended abstinence with a control (CON; n = 68) group on functional MRI (voxel-wise activation) and global network (connectivity) measures related to reward anticipation on a monetary incentive delay task. In the absence of group differences on MID performance, the ADD group showed reduced activation predominantly across temporal and visual regions, but not across the striatum. The ADD group also showed disruptions in global network connectivity (lower clustering coefficient and higher characteristic path length), and significantly less connectivity across a sub-network comprising frontal, temporal, limbic and striatal nodes. These results show that an addiction group in extended abstinence exhibit localised disruptions in brain activation, but more extensive disturbances in functional connectivity across whole brain networks. We propose that measures of global network functioning may be more sensitive in highlighting latent and more widespread neural disruptions during critical psychological processes in addiction and other psychiatric disorders.

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YNIMG Journal 2019 Journal Article

Dynamical exploration of the repertoire of brain networks at rest is modulated by psilocybin

  • Louis-David Lord
  • Paul Expert
  • Selen Atasoy
  • Leor Roseman
  • Kristina Rapuano
  • Renaud Lambiotte
  • David J. Nutt
  • Gustavo Deco

Growing evidence from the dynamical analysis of functional neuroimaging data suggests that brain function can be understood as the exploration of a repertoire of metastable connectivity patterns (‘functional brain networks’), which potentially underlie different mental processes. The present study characterizes how the brain's dynamical exploration of resting-state networks is rapidly modulated by intravenous infusion of psilocybin, a tryptamine psychedelic found in “magic mushrooms”. We employed a data-driven approach to characterize recurrent functional connectivity patterns by focusing on the leading eigenvector of BOLD phase coherence at single-TR resolution. Recurrent BOLD phase-locking patterns (PL states) were assessed and statistically compared pre- and post-infusion of psilocybin in terms of their probability of occurrence and transition profiles. Results were validated using a placebo session. Recurrent BOLD PL states revealed high spatial overlap with canonical resting-state networks. Notably, a PL state forming a frontoparietal subsystem was strongly destabilized after psilocybin injection, with a concomitant increase in the probability of occurrence of another PL state characterized by global BOLD phase coherence. These findings provide evidence of network-specific neuromodulation by psilocybin and represent one of the first attempts at bridging molecular pharmacodynamics and whole-brain network dynamics.

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YNIMG Journal 2016 Journal Article

Using [11C]Ro15 4513 PET to characterise GABA-benzodiazepine receptors in opiate addiction: Similarities and differences with alcoholism

  • Anne Lingford-Hughes
  • James Myers
  • Ben Watson
  • Alastair G. Reid
  • Nicola Kalk
  • Adrian Feeney
  • Alexander Hammers
  • Daniela A. Riaño-Barros

The importance of the GABA-benzodiazepine receptor complex and its subtypes are increasingly recognised in addiction. Using the α1/α5 benzodiazepine receptor PET radioligand [11C]Ro15 4513, we previously showed reduced binding in the nucleus accumbens and hippocampus in abstinent alcohol dependence. We proposed that reduced [11C]Ro15 4513 binding in the nucleus accumbens was a marker of addiction whilst the reduction in hippocampus and positive relationship with memory was a consequence of chronic alcohol abuse. To examine this further we assessed [11C]Ro15 4513 binding in another addiction, opiate dependence, and used spectral analysis to estimate contributions of α1 and α5 subtypes to [11C]Ro15 4513 binding in opiate and previously acquired alcohol-dependent groups. Opiate substitute maintained opiate-dependent men (n =12) underwent an [11C]Ro15 4513 PET scan and compared with matched healthy controls (n =13). We found a significant reduction in [11C]Ro15 4513 binding in the nucleus accumbens in the opiate-dependent compared with the healthy control group. There was no relationship between [11C]Ro15 4513 binding in the hippocampus with memory. We found that reduced [11C]Ro15 4513 binding was associated with reduced α5 but not α1 subtypes in the opiate-dependent group. This was also seen in an alcohol-dependent group where an association between memory performance and [11C]Ro15 4513 binding was primarily driven by α5 and not α1 subtype. We suggest that reduced α5 levels in the nucleus accumbens are associated with addiction since we have now shown this in dependence to two pharmacologically different substances, alcohol and opiates.

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YNIMG Journal 2014 Journal Article

Acute increases in synaptic GABA detectable in the living human brain: A [11C]Ro15-4513 PET study

  • Paul R.A. Stokes
  • Jim F. Myers
  • Nicola J. Kalk
  • Ben J. Watson
  • David Erritzoe
  • Sue J. Wilson
  • Vincent J. Cunningham
  • Daniela Riano Barros

The inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system is associated with the regulation of normal cognitive functions and dysregulation has been reported in a number of neuropsychiatric disorders including anxiety disorders, schizophrenia and addictions. Investigating the role of GABA in both health and disease has been constrained by difficulties in measuring acute changes in synaptic GABA using neurochemical imaging. The aim of this study was to investigate whether acute increases in synaptic GABA are detectable in the living human brain using the inverse agonist GABA-benzodiazepine receptor (GABA-BZR) positron emission tomography (PET) tracer, [11C]Ro15-4513. We examined the effect of 15mg oral tiagabine, which increases synaptic GABA by inhibiting the GAT1 GABA uptake transporter, on [11C]Ro15-4513 binding in 12 male participants using a paired, double blind, placebo-controlled protocol. Spectral analysis was used to examine synaptic α1 and extrasynaptic α5 GABA-BZR subtype availability in brain regions with high levels of [11C]Ro15-4513 binding. We also examined the test–retest reliability of α1 and a5-specific [11C]Ro15-4513 binding in a separate cohort of 4 participants using the same spectral analysis protocol. Tiagabine administration produced significant reductions in hippocampal, parahippocampal, amygdala and anterior cingulate synaptic α1 [11C]Ro15-4513 binding, and a trend significance reduction in the nucleus accumbens. These reductions were greater than test–retest reliability, indicating that they are not the result of chance observations. Our results suggest that acute increases in endogenous synaptic GABA are detectable in the living human brain using [11C]Ro15-4513 PET. These findings have potentially major implications for the investigation of GABA function in brain disorders and in the development of new treatments targeting this neurotransmitter system.

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YNIMG Journal 2013 Journal Article

History of cigarette smoking is associated with higher limbic GABAA receptor availability

  • Paul R.A. Stokes
  • Aaf Benecke
  • Jim Myers
  • David Erritzoe
  • Ben J. Watson
  • Nicola Kalk
  • Daniela Riano Barros
  • Alexander Hammers

Cigarette smoking presents a significant worldwide healthcare challenge. Preclinical, genetic association and clinical trials studies provide considerable evidence for the involvement of the human γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system in the neurobiology of nicotine addiction. However there are few human GABA neurochemical imaging studies of nicotine addiction. We investigated limbic GABAA receptor availability in volunteers with a history of cigarette smoking using [11C]Ro15 4513 positron emission tomography (PET). Eight [11C]Ro15 4513 PET scans from volunteers with a history of cigarette smoking were compared to twelve scans from volunteers who were non-smokers. Total, α1 and α5 GABAA receptor subtype [11C]Ro15 4513 VT values were quantified using spectral analysis of limbic regions implicated in nicotine addiction. Spectral analysis allows quantification of the overall [11C]Ro15 4513 spectral frequency as well as α1 and α5 GABAA receptor subtype specific spectral frequency components. Volunteers with a history of cigarette smoking showed significantly higher total [11C]Ro15 4513 VT values in the presubgenual cingulate and parahippocampal gyrus, and at a trend level in the insula, nucleus accumbens and subgenual cingulate. In six abstinent previous smokers (‘ex-smokers’), total [11C]Ro15 4513 binding was significantly higher in all limbic regions studied, with higher α5 availability in the amygdala, anterior cingulate, nucleus accumbens and presubgenual cingulate. These results suggest that limbic GABAA receptor availability is higher in volunteers with a history of cigarette smoking which may reflect either higher expression of GABAA receptors or lower endogenous GABA levels. The findings in ex-smokers suggest that higher GABAA receptor availability continues with abstinence indicating that this may be a trait marker for nicotine addiction or that alterations in GABA function associated with cigarette smoking persist.

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YNIMG Journal 2012 Journal Article

Striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptor binding in pathological gambling is correlated with mood-related impulsivity

  • Luke Clark
  • Paul R. Stokes
  • Kit Wu
  • Rosanna Michalczuk
  • Aaf Benecke
  • Ben J. Watson
  • Alice Egerton
  • Paola Piccini

Pathological gambling (PG) is a behavioural addiction associated with elevated impulsivity and suspected dopamine dysregulation. Reduced striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptor availability has been reported in drug addiction, and may constitute a premorbid vulnerability marker for addictive disorders. The aim of the present study was to assess striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptor availability in PG, and its association with trait impulsivity. Males with PG (n=9) and male healthy controls (n=9) underwent [11C]-raclopride positron emission tomography imaging and completed the UPPS-P impulsivity scale. There was no significant difference between groups in striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptor availability, in contrast to previous reports in drug addiction. However, mood-related impulsivity (‘Urgency’) was negatively correlated with [11C]-raclopride binding potentials in the PG group. The absence of a group difference in striatal dopamine binding implies a distinction between behavioural addictions and drug addictions. Nevertheless, our data indicate heterogeneity in dopamine receptor availability in disordered gambling, such that individuals with high mood-related impulsivity may show differential benefits from dopamine-based medications.

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YNIMG Journal 2010 Journal Article

Significant decreases in frontal and temporal [11C]-raclopride binding after THC challenge

  • Paul R.A. Stokes
  • Alice Egerton
  • Ben Watson
  • Alistair Reid
  • Gerome Breen
  • Anne Lingford-Hughes
  • David J. Nutt
  • Mitul A. Mehta

Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) increases prefrontal cortical dopamine release in animals, but this is yet to be examined in humans. In man, striatal dopamine release can be indexed using [11C]-raclopride positron emission tomography (PET), and recent reports suggest that cortical [11C]-raclopride binding may also be sensitive to dopaminergic challenges. Using an existing dataset we examined whether THC alters [11C]-raclopride binding potential (BP ND) in cortical regions. Thirteen healthy volunteers underwent two [11C]-raclopride PET scans following either oral 10mg THC or placebo. Significant areas of decreased cortical [11C]-raclopride BP ND were identified using whole brain voxel-wise analysis and quantified using a region of interest (ROI) ratio analysis. Effect of blood flow on binding was estimated using a simplified reference tissue model analysis. Results were compared to [11C]-raclopride test–retest reliability in the ROIs identified using a separate cohort of volunteers. Voxel-wise analysis identified three significant clusters of decreased [11C]-raclopride BP ND after THC in the right middle frontal gyrus, left superior frontal gyrus and left superior temporal gyrus. Decreases in [11C]-raclopride BPND following THC were greater than test–retest variability in these ROIs. R1, an estimate of blood flow, significantly decreased in the left superior frontal gyrus in the THC condition but was unchanged in the other ROIs. Decreased frontal binding significantly correlated to catechol-o-methyl transferase (COMT) val108 status. We have demonstrated for the first time significant decreases in bilateral frontopolar cortical and left superior temporal gyrus [11C]-raclopride binding after THC. The interpretation of these findings in relation to prefrontal dopamine release is discussed.

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