NeurIPS Conference 2025 Conference Paper
On the Emergence of Linear Analogies in Word Embeddings
- Daniel Korchinski
- Dhruva Karkada
- Yasaman Bahri
- Matthieu Wyart
Models such as Word2Vec and GloVe construct word embeddings based on the co-occurrence probability $P(i, j)$ of words $i$ and $j$ in text corpora. The resulting vectors $W_i$ not only group semantically similar words but also exhibit a striking linear analogy structure---for example, $W_{\text{king}} - W_{\text{man}} + W_{\text{woman}} \approx W_{\text{queen}}$---whose theoretical origin remains unclear. Previous observations indicate that this analogy structure: (i) already emerges in the top eigenvectors of the matrix $M(i, j) = P(i, j)/P(i)P(j)$, (ii) strengthens and then saturates as more eigenvectors of $M (i, j)$, which controls the dimension of the embeddings, are included, (iii) is enhanced when using $\log M(i, j)$ rather than $M(i, j)$, and (iv) persists even when all word pairs involved in a specific analogy relation (e. g. , king--queen, man--woman) are removed from the corpus. To explain these phenomena, we introduce a theoretical generative model in which words are defined by binary semantic attributes, and co-occurrence probabilities are derived from attribute-based interactions. This model analytically reproduces the emergence of linear analogy structure and naturally accounts for properties (i)--(iv). It can be viewed as giving fine-grained resolution into the role of each additional embedding dimension. It is robust to various forms of noise and agrees well with co-occurrence statistics measured on Wikipedia and the analogy benchmark introduced by Mikolov et al.