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Angéline Pouget

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NAI Journal 2025 Journal Article

Factorizers for distributed sparse block codes

Michael Hersche
Aleksandar Terzić
Geethan Karunaratne
Jovin Langenegger
Angéline Pouget
Giovanni Cherubini
Luca Benini
Abu Sebastian

Distributed sparse block codes (SBCs) exhibit compact representations for encoding and manipulating symbolic data structures using fixed-width vectors. One major challenge however is to disentangle, or factorize, the distributed representation of data structures into their constituent elements without having to search through all possible combinations. This factorization becomes more challenging when SBCs vectors are noisy due to perceptual uncertainty and approximations made by modern neural networks to generate the query SBCs vectors. To address these challenges, we first propose a fast and highly accurate method for factorizing a more flexible and hence generalized form of SBCs, dubbed GSBCs. Our iterative factorizer introduces a threshold-based nonlinear activation, conditional random sampling, and an ℓ ∞ -based similarity metric. Its random sampling mechanism, in combination with the search in superposition, allows us to analytically determine the expected number of decoding iterations, which matches the empirical observations up to the GSBC’s bundling capacity. Secondly, the proposed factorizer maintains a high accuracy when queried by noisy product vectors generated using deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs). This facilitates its application in replacing the large fully connected layer (FCL) in CNNs, whereby C trainable class vectors, or attribute combinations, can be implicitly represented by our factorizer having F -factor codebooks, each with C F fixed codevectors. We provide a methodology to flexibly integrate our factorizer in the classification layer of CNNs with a novel loss function. With this integration, the convolutional layers can generate a noisy product vector that our factorizer can still decode, whereby the decoded factors can have different interpretations based on downstream tasks. We demonstrate the feasibility of our method on four deep CNN architectures over CIFAR-100, ImageNet-1K, and RAVEN datasets. In all use cases, the number of parameters and operations are notably reduced compared to the FCL.

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ICML Conference 2025 Conference Paper

Suitability Filter: A Statistical Framework for Classifier Evaluation in Real-World Deployment Settings

Angéline Pouget
Mohammad Yaghini
Stephan Rabanser
Nicolas Papernot

Deploying machine learning models in safety-critical domains poses a key challenge: ensuring reliable model performance on downstream user data without access to ground truth labels for direct validation. We propose the suitability filter, a novel framework designed to detect performance deterioration by utilizing suitability signals —model output features that are sensitive to covariate shifts and indicative of potential prediction errors. The suitability filter evaluates whether classifier accuracy on unlabeled user data shows significant degradation compared to the accuracy measured on the labeled test dataset. Specifically, it ensures that this degradation does not exceed a pre-specified margin, which represents the maximum acceptable drop in accuracy. To achieve reliable performance evaluation, we aggregate suitability signals for both test and user data and compare these empirical distributions using statistical hypothesis testing, thus providing insights into decision uncertainty. Our modular method adapts to various models and domains. Empirical evaluations across different classification tasks demonstrate that the suitability filter reliably detects performance deviations due to covariate shift. This enables proactive mitigation of potential failures in high-stakes applications.

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NeurIPS Conference 2024 Conference Paper

No Filter: Cultural and Socioeconomic Diversity in Contrastive Vision-Language Models

Angéline Pouget
Lucas Beyer
Emanuele Bugliarello
Xiao Wang
Andreas P. Steiner
Xiaohua Zhai
Ibrahim Alabdulmohsin

We study cultural and socioeconomic diversity in contrastive vision-language models (VLMs). Using a broad range of benchmark datasets and evaluation metrics, we bring to attention several important findings. First, the common filtering of training data to English image-text pairs disadvantages communities of lower socioeconomic status and negatively impacts cultural understanding. Notably, this performance gap is not captured by - and even at odds with - the currently popular evaluation metrics derived from the Western-centric ImageNet and COCO datasets. Second, pretraining with global, unfiltered data before fine-tuning on English content can improve cultural understanding without sacrificing performance on said popular benchmarks. Third, we introduce the task of geo-localization as a novel evaluation metric to assess cultural diversity in VLMs. Our work underscores the value of using diverse data to create more inclusive multimodal systems and lays the groundwork for developing VLMs that better represent global perspectives.

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